incipits
Musical Theme Search Using
Incipits
"What's That Song I Just Played?"
by Robbie Rhodes (An Absentminded Performer)
(020830 MMDigest)
|
| In his article, "A Ragtime Data Base (RAG TIMES, March 1990),
researcher Ed Berlin discusses a computer data base to serve as an "inventory
of material" to aid research, and he worries around about what types of
data should and shouldn't be included.
I think that, given the right tools, the people that use a system eventually
discover for themselves what is and isn't important; the demands of the
market will then lead software developers to create better and better tools.
But Ed is certainly on the right path, and I think including an incipit
(the first few notes of a theme) is a marvelous idea of his. If the
data base is concerned with pop songs the incipit, or thematic index, for
a given song would just have a few bars each of the verse and chorus.
Rags would have three or more themes in the incipits. Like Ed says,
now you can access works by theme.
Just think what that means: you could tell the computer to find the
melody that's stumped you! Oh, how many times I've needed this assistance
when I perform a rag and then discover I've forgotten the name of it.
(If I was wise I would always carry with me the thematic index from the
German edition of Scott Joplin -- it's indexed just like a Mozart or Schubert
folio!)
Well, suppose that we had a data base file for all the rags ever written,
good and bad, and that we have a data base management program on our home
computer to search the "Rags" file. The program would be much like
any other data base system, but with an important added feature: besides
searching for word strings (i.e., seeking a comparison with a word or string
of words you just entered), the program could search for theme strings.
That's as handy as having a room full of ragtime fans when I don't know
the tune's name. |
The accompanying printout shows a hypothetical example of
a melody search, in which I ask the computer to find a 4-bar melody that
I heard somewhere long ago. I have a hunch that it's part of an old
blues tune, so I load my data base file called "Blues Song Copyrights".
How do I enter the melody into the computer? By playing it on
a simple electronic keyboard/synthesizer connected to the computer via
a MIDI adapter. The computer loudspeaker makes a metronome click
at the tempo I selected, and I just start playing. When I stop, the
single-note melody is displayed on the screen and I check it for correctness,
both by viewing the "manuscript" display and by "playing back" the notes
over the MIDI wire to the little synthesizer.
I also tell the search program to be liberal about syncopation, not
knowing if the melody should be notated in straight eighth-note rhythm,
triplets or dotted-eighths and sixteenths.
After a few moments (or minutes, maybe) of searching the computer thinks
it found a reasonable match, and displays the incipits of the themes for
the song named "The Florida Blues". Well, I wasn't too far off, was
I? I entered the search melody in the key of B-flat, but fortunately
the computer ignored the absolute key and concentrated on finding the relative
note pattern of the melody (filed in the key of C).
Notice that the correct melody has eight notes in the measure, whereas
I had entered a seven-note measure. The computer decided that I should
view a match that was 7/8 correct, and when I looked at it I said "Eureka"
and quit the search. |
| Well, that was pretty neat discovering what song I'd been
humming, and of course I want to find a record of the song, so I tell the
computer to search for "The Florida Blues" in other data files containing
phonograph record titles and piano roll titles. It finds 5 phono
records and 2 piano rolls -- must've been a big hit tune!
My hypothetical computer system example is based on searching a set
of multiple, independent files. The primary file would be the Music
Copyright data base, taken from the U.S. Copyright Office file cards and
depositions. It would have the theme incipits, song title, composer,
and copyright dales, and any or all of these fields could be searched for.
Secondary files would be used to find additional information about the
song, once you've determined the correct title. The famous "Discography"
by Brian Rust would be invaluable for finding phono recordings of the song,
and analogous "Rollographies" have been compiled by piano roll collectors
like Mike Montgomery and Richard Riley.
Other auxiliary files could handle the ever-growing minutiae that Ed
Berlin is concerned with: there would be a file of "Variant Titles", and
of course, the "Index of First Lines" for song words. We need a big,
and expandable, file for "Sheet Music and Covers", which all the sheet
music collectors would use and contribute to.
The computer program to perform a thematic search has yet to be published,
but it's not an impossible task: I believe that the Center for Computer
Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA) at Stanford University has done
research in the area of musical theme recognition. When music collectors
and researchers express enough interest then someone, either a big software
house or a garage hacker, will publish the tool that's needed. |
The big files of reference data will come, eventually, from
dedicated researchers like Brian Rust and Richard Riley who have already
entered the data into a computer and are willing to share it. (Costs
are presently unknown.) The "Music Copyrights" data base should be published
by Library of Congress, if we can ever get our government to fund the monstrous
task of entering the data. And the rest will come from you and me,
entering into our home computers the data from our collections of sheet
music, and then swapping copies with friends. See how it can grow?
To the ambitious ragtimer that wrote Ed Berlin about a ragtime data
base, I advise, "Get busy typing!" Anybody's data base format can
be converted to any other format that comes around; the important thing,
and the first thing, is to get it into the computer. Put in as little
or as much data/trivia as you wish, and then share it with your friends.
They'll let you know what's missing.
And the realty ambitious ragtimers, equipped with a keyboard and synthesizer
and MIDI music programs, can get started entering the incipits for thematic
indexes of their favorite songs.
I'm going to begin with the "unknown" rags I enjoy playing -- then I
won't have to ask the audience, "What's that song I just played for you?"
Robbie Rhodes
March 27, 1990
(This article was previously published in the newsletters "The Rag
Times" and "Remember That Song".) |
Example of thematic data search
Search for melody? Y
Enter melody:
Play MIDI incipit entered? Y [click here to play MIDI file]
Is the incipit entered okay? Y
Checking Data File: "Blues Song Copyrights 1900-1942"
Searching for melody, allowing syncopation .......
!! Melody found in incipit 2nd line below.
Play MIDI incipit found? Y [click here to play MIDI file]
THEME FOUND:
SONG TITLE: The Florida Blues
INCIPIT:
COMPOSER: Wm. King Phillips
COPYRIGHT: 1915 by Wm. King Phillips
COPYRIGHT: 1917 by Pace & Handy Music Co.
COPYRIGHT: 1926 by Handy Bros. Music Co., Inc., New York
Continue search for melody? N
Search for recordings, sheet music, etc? Y
Searching for Song Title: [The] Florida Blues
Checking Data File: "Discography of Jazz Recordings", by Brian Rust
TITLE FOUND:
PHONO RECD: "The Florida Blues", Ford Dabney [orch]
PHONO RECD: "Florida Blues", Dixieland Jug Blowers
PHONO RECD: "Florida Blues", Lemual Fowler [orch]
PHONO RECD: "The Florida Blues", W. C Handy's Orchestra
PHONO RECD: "The Florida Blues", Wilbur Sweatman & His Orch.
Checking Data File: "Hot Recut Piano Rollography", by Richard Riley
TITLE FOUND:
MUSIC ROLL: "Florida Blues", Auto-A 661.7 (JC-223)
MUSIC ROLL: "Florida Blues", Cap-A 1987.2 (JC-190)
Checking Data File: "Columbia, Capitol, Supertone and Challenge
Word Roll Catalog", by Mike Montgomery
Checking Data File: "QRS Autograph Popular Roll Master Catalog",
by Rob DeLand
Checking Data File: "Tex Wyndham Sheet Music Collection"
Checking Data File: "Elliot Adams Sheet Music Collection"
Checking Data File: "Robbie Rhodes Sheet Music Collection"
TITLE FOUND:
MUSIC FOLIO: "The Florida Blues", in "Blues: An Anthology",
ed. by W. C. Handy
©1926 by Albert & Charles Boni, Inc.
©1949 by W. C. Handy and Edward Abbe Niles
©1972 by The Macmillan Company
Files Exhausted
Begin another theme search? Quit
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27 March 1990, 30 August 2002
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